Karl Gauss: Biography :: essays research papers

Karl Gauss: Biography      Karl Gauss lived from 1777 to 1855. He was a German mathematician, doctor, and cosmologist. He was conceived in Braunschweig, Germany, on April 30th, 1777. His family was poor and uneducated. His dad was a plant specialist and a shipper's right hand.      At a youthful age, Gauss showed himself how to peruse and tally, and it is said that he detected an error in his dad's figurings when he was as it were three. All through the remainder of his initial tutoring, he stood apart strikingly from the remainder of the understudies, and his educators convinced his dad to prepare him for a calling as opposed to learn exchange.      His aptitudes were seen while he was in secondary school, and at age 14 he was sent to the Duke of Brunswick to illustrate. The Duke was so intrigued by this kid, he offered him an award that endured from that point until the Duke's passing in 1806.      Karl started to learn at the Collegium Carolinum in 1792. He went on to the University of Gottingen, and by 1799 was granted his doctorate from the College. In any case, at that point the majority of his noteworthy scientific revelations had been made, and he took up his enthusiasm for space science in 1801.      By around 1807, Gauss started to pick up acknowledgment from nations everywhere the world. He was welcome to work in Leningrad, was made an individual from the Royal Society in London, and was welcomed enrollment to the Russian and French Institutes of Sciences. Be that as it may, he stayed in his old neighborhood in Germany until his demise in 1855. Acomplishments      During his Teen years, Karl Gauss created numerous numerical speculations also, proofs, yet these would not be perceived for quite a long time as a result of his absence of exposure and distribution experience. He found what we currently call Bode's Law, what's more, the standard of squares, which we use to locate the best fitting bend to a gathering of perceptions.      Having simply completed some work in quadratic deposits in 1795, Karl Gauss moved to the University to get to crafted by past mathematicians. He immediately started take a shot at a book about the hypothesis of numbers, which is viewed as his most noteworthy achievement. This book was a rundown of the work that had been set up to the time, and contained inquiries that are as yet important today.      While at the University in 1796, he found that a 17-sided polygon could be engraved around with just the instruments of a compass and a ruler. This denoted the primary disclosure of Euclidean geometry that had been found in 2000 years.      In 1799, Gauss found and demonstrated a hypothesis of Algebra that key Karl Gauss: Biography :: papers research papers Karl Gauss: Biography      Karl Gauss lived from 1777 to 1855. He was a German mathematician, doctor, and stargazer. He was conceived in Braunschweig, Germany, on April 30th, 1777. His family was poor and uneducated. His dad was a planter and a trader's aide.      At a youthful age, Gauss showed himself how to peruse and check, and it is said that he detected a mix-up in his dad's figurings when he was as it were three. All through the remainder of his initial tutoring, he stood apart strikingly from the remainder of the understudies, and his educators convinced his dad to prepare him for a calling as opposed to learn exchange.      His aptitudes were seen while he was in secondary school, and at age 14 he was sent to the Duke of Brunswick to illustrate. The Duke was so intrigued by this kid, he offered him an award that endured from that point until the Duke's passing in 1806.      Karl started to learn at the Collegium Carolinum in 1792. He went on to the University of Gottingen, and by 1799 was granted his doctorate from the College. In any case, at that point the majority of his critical numerical disclosures had been made, and he took up his enthusiasm for stargazing in 1801.      By around 1807, Gauss started to pick up acknowledgment from nations everywhere the world. He was welcome to work in Leningrad, was made an individual from the Royal Society in London, and was welcomed participation to the Russian and French Foundations of Sciences. Be that as it may, he stayed in his old neighborhood in Germany until his passing in 1855. Acomplishments      During his Teen years, Karl Gauss created numerous scientific speculations what's more, proofs, yet these would not be perceived for quite a long time due to his absence of exposure and distribution experience. He found what we currently call Bode's Law, what's more, the guideline of squares, which we use to locate the best fitting bend to a gathering of perceptions.      Having simply completed some work in quadratic buildups in 1795, Karl Gauss moved to the University to get to crafted by past mathematicians. He immediately started take a shot at a book about the hypothesis of numbers, which is viewed as his most prominent achievement. This book was an outline of the work that had been built up to the time, and contained inquiries that are as yet important today.      While at the University in 1796, he found that a 17-sided polygon could be engraved around with just the instruments of a compass and a ruler. This denoted the primary disclosure of Euclidean geometry that had been found in 2000 years.      In 1799, Gauss found and demonstrated a hypothesis of Algebra that major

Los Procesos Químicos Del Cuerpo

Los Procesos Quã ­micos Del Cuerpo Casandra Hernã ¡ndez Introducciã ³n A travã ©s de este trabajo la investigadora realizã ³ una revisiã ³n de literatura relacionada a los procesos quã ­micos que ocurren en el cuerpo humano. Se comienza definiendo conceptos esenciales para comprender los procesos quã ­micos. Segã ºn Aguilar (2012) el cuerpo de los seres humanos es un sistema que estã ¡ compuesto por cã ©lulas las cuales forman los tejidos. Mediante las cã ©lulas el cuerpo humano lleva a cabo las funciones vitales para vivir. El cuerpo del ser humano tiene procesos que child bã ¡sicos y que producen subsistemas esenciales donde un grupo de à ³rganos coordinados realizan las funciones esenciales del ser humano. El cuerpo humano tiene once sistemas que agrupan los à ³rganos esenciales para que funcione el cuerpo adecuadamente. Sistemas del cuerpo humano Estos sistemas child los siguientes: El sistema solid que es el conjunto de mã ºsculos que tienen la responsabilidad de los cambios corporales, postura y locomociã ³n. El sistema à ³seo que es el conjunto de huesos que forman el esqueleto y protegen a los à ³rganos internos como el crã ¡neo y la columna vertebral. El sistema respiratorio que incluye a las fosas nasales, la faringe, la laringe y los pulmones que realizan el intercambio gaseoso. El sistema digestivo incluye la boca, el hã ­gado, el estã ³mago, los intestinos y otros à ³rganos. Se encarga de realizar la degradaciã ³n de los alimentos a nutrientes que luego asimila el cuerpo y utiliza en las actividades que realiza el organismo. El sistema excretor estã ¡ compuesto por los riã ±ones y sus conductos los cuales funcionan para extraer los desechos metabã ³licos, osmorregulaciã ³n y la homeostasis para mantener el equilibrio quã ­mico del cuerpo. El sistema circulatorio incluye el corazã ³n, vasos sanguã ­neos y cã ©lulas sanguã ­neas. El mismo sirve para llevar los alimentos y el oxã ­geno a las cã ©lulas. Ademã ¡s, recoge los desechos metabã ³licos que se elimina a travã ©s de los riã ±ones, en la orina y por el aire que se exhala por los pulmones. El sistema endocrino contiene las glã ¡ndulas productoras de hormonas que intervienen en la regulaciã ³n del crecimiento, metabolismo y los procesos de la reproducciã ³n. El sistema nervioso estã ¡ constituido por el cerebro, ganglios, nervios, à ³rganos de los sentidos para detectar, analizar los estã ­mulos y crear las respuestas apropiadas. El aparato reproductor estã ¡ compuesto por testã ­culos y ovarios para llevar a cabo el proceso de reproducciã ³n de los seres humanos. El sistema linfã ¡tico contiene los capilares circulatorios en los que se recoge y transporta el lã ­quido de los tejidos. Ademã ¡s, transporta por el torrente sanguã ­neo los lã ­pidos digeridos que vienen del intestino para eliminar y destruir las sustancias tã ³xicas. El mismo ayuda a que no se difundan las enfermedades a travã ©s del cuerpo. El sistema inmunolã ³gico estã ¡ constituido por diferentes à ³rganos que estã ¡n a travã ©s de los tejidos del cuerpo. Este sistema reconoce las estructuras y su head propã ³sito es preservar su identidad. Estã ¡ constituido por linfocitos y por anticuerpos. Se indica que el cuerpo humano es un mecanismo que se basa en los componentes quã ­micos para mantener un equilibrio en el mismo. El estado de equilibrio se le llama homeostasis. Cuando una o mã ¡s sustancias quã ­micas caen fuera de equilibrio por una disminuciã ³n o aumento de los niveles, provoca que los sistemas del cuerpo humano trabajen de forma menos eficiente. Estos desequilibrios quã ­micos pueden suceder por un sinnã ºmero de razones logrando afectar el cuerpo de diversas formas (Melton, s.f.). La serotonina Segã ºn Melton (s.f.) la serotonina es un neurotransmisor que estã ¡ en el cerebro. Cuando la serotonina se encuentra en niveles normales la persona tendrã ¡ una variedad de emociones y funcionarã ¡ eficientemente. Sin ban, cuando los niveles de serotonina comienzan a disminuir por los cambios quã ­micos del cuerpo es por interacciã ³n farmacolã ³gica o por una enfermedad, que puede lograr que la personalidad del individuo cambie como: llegar a la depresiã ³n y que aparezca el trastorno bipolar. De otra parte, cuando disminuyen los niveles de serotonina puede causar fatiga crã ³nica, trastornos del sueã ±o y cambios en el apetito. La insulina Tambiã ©n, Melton indica que la insulina es una hormona que la produce el pã ¡ncreas y permite que la glucosa entre en las cã ©lulas del cuerpo. Cuando la misma se encuentra en niveles normales, se produce insulina suficiente y à ©sta es usada por el cuerpo para que la glucosa ocean absorbida por las cã ©lulas del cuerpo para la obtenciã ³n de energã ­a. Cuando los niveles de insulina comienzan a disminuir, se puede llegar a padecer de diabetes. La diabetes tipo 1 flood cuando el sistema inmunolã ³gico del cuerpo humano se vuelve en contra y a su vez destruye las cã ©lulas del pã ¡ncreas las cuales producen insulina. La diabetes tipo 2 ocurre cuando se producen las cã ©lulas que child resistentes a la insulina. Esto ocurre cuando las cã ©lulas no permiten a la insulina abrir las vã ­as para que la glucosa penetre. El pã ¡ncreas produce una cantidad civic chairman de insulina cuando aumentan los niveles de glucosa en la sangre, pero las cã ©lulas no child receptivas y l os niveles de glucosa continã ºan en aumento. Desequilibrios hormonales pituitarios La glã ¡ndula pituitaria es una glã ¡ndula pequeã ±a que se encuentra en la base del cerebro. Esta glã ¡ndula produce hormonas que regulan la presiã ³n sanguã ­nea, el crecimiento y algunos aspectos del sistema reproductivo. En algunas ocasiones ocurre el hipopituitarismo por el resultado de la disminuciã ³n de los niveles de hormonas de la pituitaria. Cuando esto ocurre, puede causar trastornos en las funciones normales del cuerpo stories como la presiã ³n blood vessel y la frecuencia cardã ­aca (Melton, s.f.). Cuando existe exceso de producciã ³n de hormonas hipofisarias, provoca una enfermedad llamada acromegalia. La misma puede causar la producciã ³n anormal de la hormona del crecimiento. Esta enfermedad se caracteriza porque algunas à ¡reas del cuerpo se vuelven mã ¡s grandes y fuera de proporciã ³n con el resto del cuerpo. Es un tipo de crecimiento excesivo que se da en las manos, pies y cara. Este crecimiento anormal flood en la edad madura despuã ©s que el proceso de crecimiento se ha parado. Si en la adolescencia se presenta gran cantidad de la hormona del crecimiento, se puede producir gigantismo (Melton, s.f.). Desequilibrios metabã ³licos Segã ºn Botanical Online (2015) el metabolismo permite funcionar, crecer y desarrollarse y realizar todas las funciones del organismo. Los alimentos producen la energã ­a mediante los nutrientes. El metabolismo tiene dos fases: Anabolismo: Tiene la funciã ³n de crear nuevas cã ©lulas, mantener los tejidos del cuerpo y crear reservas. Este tipo de proceso se conoce como metabolismo constructivo, asã ­ se forman los tejidos, los mã ºsculos o los nervios. Cuando ocurre esta fase el cuerpo gasta energã ­a. Catabolismo: Tiene la funciã ³n de descomponer los tejidos corporales y las sustancias de reserva para producir energã ­a. Se utiliza para obtener la energã ­a que el cuerpo necesita. Permite los procesos anabã ³licos como generar calor para mantener la temperatura corporal adecuada o proporcionar energã ­a que permite dar fuerza a los mã ºsculos. El metabolismo del individuo se relaciona con el peso, el apetito y los niveles de energã ­a del cuerpo. Cuando la glã ¡ndula tiroides no estã ¡ activa puede causar enfermedades cardã ­acas, la fatiga y la obesidad. Cuando la tiroides produce demasiada hormona puede provocar que ocean difã ­cil que una persona mantenga su peso saludable. Los trastornos en las glã ¡ndulas suprarrenales pueden producir cortisol en cantidad excesiva y causar que una persona gane peso en el à ¡rea del mid-region, esto se llama sã ­ndrome de Cushing. Tambiã ©n, ocurren otros trastornos que logran niveles de cortisol mã ¡s bajos que los normales. El cortisol ayuda a mantener la presiã ³n blood vessel, la glucosa en sangre y los niveles de energã ­a normales (Melton, s.f.). Principales procesos metabã ³licos Entre los principales proceso metabã ³licos se encuentran: la digestiã ³n, que mediante los alimentos permite los procesos de creaciã ³n de nuevos tejidos y el almacenamiento de las sustancias de reserva en forma de grasa corporal; la circulaciã ³n de la sangre, en los cuales los nutrientes child trasportados por la sangre hasta el hã ­gado y las cã ©lulas del hã ­gado metabolizan cada sustancia para producir energã ­a. La eliminaciã ³n de los productos de desecho mediante la defecaciã ³n se elimina los residuos de la digestiã ³n. La regulaciã ³n de la temperatura corporal es la energã ­a producida por el proceso catabã ³lico genera calor que mantiene la temperatura corporal. Tambiã ©n, existen otros mecanismos internos puede disminuir la temperatura corporal como el aumento del sudor o la dilataciã ³n de los vasos sanguã ­neos (Botanical Online, 2015). Desequilibrios del sistema reproductivo Segã ºn Melton (s.f.) los desequilibrios quã ­micos producidos en el sistema reproductivo pueden causar infertilidad y bajar el deseo sexual en ambos sexos. Cuando los niveles de estrã ³geno y testosterona estã ¡n bajos, afecta el rendimiento sexual y la fertilidad. Los altos niveles de testosterona en los hombres pueden provocar un exceso de masa solid. De otra parte, las mujeres con niveles altos de testosterona pueden experimentar calvicie de patrã ³n masculino y el crecimiento excesivo del pelo en la cara y el pecho. Otras mujeres pueden experimentar que su voz ocean mã ¡s grave y llegar a ser mã ¡s masculino. Sin ban, cuando los niveles de estrã?

Using Paxil for Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Using Paxil for Generalized Anxiety Disorder GAD Treatment Print Using Paxil for Generalized Anxiety Disorder By Leonard Holmes Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on June 20, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on November 26, 2019 Generalized Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children JGI / Jamie Grill / Getty Images Paxil (paroxetine) is an antidepressant medication approved for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and other anxiety disorders.?? It is in the same class as Prozac and Zoloft. Like other selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), it was developed as a treatment for depression. Paxil was approved for the treatment of GAD in 2001 and  social anxiety disorder  (SAD) in 1999. It is also a prescribed treatment for  panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder  (OCD). How Does Paxil Work? The precise mechanism responsible for the antidepressant and anti-anxiety effects of drugs like Paxil is still not completely understood. They are classified as SSRIs because they prevent the re-uptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain and nervous system. Nerve impulses are transmitted chemically between neurons in the nervous system. Neurotransmitters like serotonin are produced by one neuron. They travel between the cells and are deposited on the second neuron. It is theorized that keeping serotonin around longer results in relief of depression. What Is Generalized Anxiety Disorder? Unlike phobias where a person has a fear of a certain object or situation, generalized anxiety disorder produces free-floating anxiety that is not attached to a single source.?? People with GAD develop chronic and exaggerated worry and tension, even though nothing seems to provoke it. Those with this disorder are always anticipating disaster. They often worry excessively about health, money, family, or work. Just the thought of getting through the day may provoke anxiety. Many people with GAD realize that their anxiety is more intense than the situation warrants. This knowledge does not reduce their anxiety. They may report being unable to  relax and often have trouble falling or staying asleep. Their worries are usually accompanied by physical symptoms, especially trembling, twitching, muscle tension, headaches, irritability, sweating, or hot flashes. They may feel lightheaded, out of breath, nauseated or have to go to the bathroom frequently.?? They might also feel as though they have a lump in their throat. Generalized anxiety disorder is usually treated with psychotherapy, medication, or a combination of the two. It can take some time to figure out the best combination for you, so be patient and keep your doctor informed about what is and isnt working for you. Generalized Anxiety Disorder Discussion Guide Get our printable guide to help you ask the right questions at your next doctors appointment. Download PDF Potential Side Effects Common side effects of Paxil are nervousness, sleep difficulties  (either too much or too little), restlessness, fatigue, dry mouth, nausea,  headache, sweating, diarrhea, and sexual problems.?? Typically, these side effects will go away within a couple of weeks of taking the medication. Rare side effects include bleeding, teeth grinding, and low sodium blood levels. Serious side effects are seizure and serotonin syndrome, which happens when there is too much serotonin in the body and can lead to death. What You Need to Know About Paxil Below are some facts to know before taking Paxil.?? Paxil can be taken with or without food at any time of the day.If you miss a dose, take it when you remember, unless its close to the time to take it again. Dont double your dose.Avoid alcohol and drugs while taking Paxil as they may decrease the benefits.Your doctor will probably start you on a low dose to begin with and increase it if needed.Paxil is safe and effective when taken as directed. There are no known risks from long-term use.Check with your doctor or pharmacist about potential interactions with other medications. A Word From Verywell If you have been prescribed Paxil for generalized anxiety disorder, its important to follow the instructions of your doctor and to communicate any issues that arise so that they can be dealt with swiftly.

Analysis of Moral Luck Views of Aristotle and Epictetus Essay

Analysis of Moral Luck Views of Aristotle and Epictetus Aristotle, the founder of western science, and Epictetus, one of the greatest stoicists, both has their theories for the issue of Moral Luck. To have a basic idea about the topic, I believe we should describe it from a non-philosophical point of view. After doing that we can compare both Aristotles and Epictetus points of views and distinguish between them with examples from Into Thin Air(ITA), written by Jon Krakauer. Moral Luck, if described from general perspective, consists of the actions that happen by luck and result in moral ends. What I mean by moral ends is the situations that have something to do with moral or ethical†¦show more content†¦(ITA, pg47) This example illustrates what I am trying to say. Things that are not in our control are other peoples actions, and things that are not up to us are those actions consequences. Moreover, things can be in our control one minute and not the next. In a car accident, steering the wheel might save you from the accident in a specific time. After that time, no matter how much you steer the wheel you cant escape the unavoidable truth. This, as a matter of fact, concerns the issue of chance. However, since chance is related to luck, we are concerned with this as well. Lets concentrate on each philosopher more deeply now. First lets take a look at some of the issues that Aristotle points out in his book Nicomachean Ethics. He states that moral luck is concerned with situations that are not in our control. Moreover, if someone is virtuous he cannot escape from moral luck. However, you have to be virtuous to get away from it. That is to say, only the virtuous man has the greatest chance of dealing with moral luck since he will not need it. He also states that everything has a function. Human beings for instance have the function of reasoning. To define function of something we first need to find its genus, and then search for particular uniqueness that differ it from the others in the same genus. Lastly, he

The Conflict Between The United States And Other Countries...

Both Israelis and Palestinians have been fighting for the same geographical territory for some time. Arguments presented by both groups are reasonable as to why the area belongs to them considering they both have historical and religious foundations in the region. The question that arises from these claims is which group is right, and what appropriate measures should be taken to resolve the conflict between the groups. For problems such as this, the U.S foreign secretary is called upon to conduct negotiations that relate to U.S. foreign affairs, and to promote beneficial economic intercourse between the United States and other countries. While both Israelis and Palestine’s believe they are right in their argument for territory. Both groups need to be more committed in establishing peace in their region, resolving their differences so they can partake in a better quality of life. It is important to understand the underlying beliefs of both groups, in order to gain an understa nding of what caused the conflict between them, and whether there can be a resolution. The State of Israel consists of two nationalities which are Jews and Palestinians. The Palestinians are an ethnic group made up of modern descendants of the people who have lived in Palestine over the centuries, and who today are largely culturally and linguistically considered Arab. The people of Israel (also referred to as the Jewish People) trace their origin to Abraham, who established the belief that thereShow MoreRelatedConflicts And Fusions Of The United States1189 Words   |  5 PagesConflicts and fusions As we all know, the year 1865 was an essential year for people in the United States. It was also a beginning for American people to unify their countries and also a beginning for slaves’ freedom. However, it was also the year 1865 when American people lost a great leader, Abraham Lincoln. In Lincoln’ s 200th birthday, Obama said, â€Å"It s a humbling task, marking the bicentennial of our 16th President s birth-humbling for me in particular, because it s fair to say that weRead MoreInternational Atomic Energy Agency : Indo Pakistani Arms Race1649 Words   |  7 PagesAgency The Indo-Pakistani Arms Race Grenada Huntington Beach High School MUN: The Indo-Pakistani Arms Race I. Brief Background of the Topic The Indo-Pakistani conflict began at around 1947. During the British colonial rule, Indian and Muslim nationalism resulted in the conflict between India and Pakistan. The conflict was mostly between the Indian National Congress and the Muslim Leagfue. As the British retreated after the end of World War II, the British government advised, before its departureRead MoreSince The Cold War Era, The Spread Of Democracy And Its1410 Words   |  6 Pagesworld. As more states adopt this method of government, the question of how to interact with opposing states has taken the spotlight in the context of international relations. Some scholars, like Robert Kaplan, believe that democratic elections do not help with social and economic stability in developing countries. Others, particularly supporters of the United States idea of democracy such as Sean Jones, believe that democracy benefits the inhabitants of newly democratizing states, promotes peaceRead MoreThe Conflict Between North And South Korea During The Korean War1193 Words   |  5 Pages These conflicts provoked cross-border fire and heated rhetoric, however China and the United States are usually at the ready to ease friction between the North and South. For the past 60 years the flames of the North and South Korean conflict have kept burning ever since the spark of the Korean War. 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Foregoing the blatant notes of racism, sexism, fascism, and misogyny, Trump’s campaign also brought about a new discussion regarding relations with Russia. Throughout his campaign, Trump brought up ideas of repairing the deplorable relations between the United States and Russia, sparking debate throughout the political sphere. Specifically, Senator Lindsey Graham c alled attention to the fact Russia is still a grave threat to United States interests. Even though TrumpRead MoreInternational Conflict Management By Michael Butler1091 Words   |  5 Pageshistory repasts itself, others would argue it just it rhymes the past. World War two had many countries involved in the conflict and every country had its own priorities, beliefs, needs and wants, which made it hard for them to establish common ground among each other. 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Further, some scholars also comment that China either will replace or has already superseded the United State as the world’s only superpower. China’s growth is too rapid and massive that other nations have limited or no opportunity to compete with it. By using international relations theories to analyze US-China relations, there are three

Gender Roles Free Essays

Gender role is a term used in the social sciences and humanities to denote a set of behavioral norms that accompany a given gendered status (also called a gender identity) in a given social group or system. (WHO, 2011) Gender roles are seen everywhere, everyday. There are many different ways to look at gender roles. We will write a custom essay sample on Gender Roles or any similar topic only for you Order Now Defining the terms that help you completely understand gender roles is necessary. Delving into the family aspect of gender roles gives you a better grasp on the different family structures and how they are used in daily life. We are used to the traditional gender roles in everyday America, but have you ever thought about the gender roles in different cultures? This paper will define different terms to help you better understand gender roles, look into the family aspect of gender roles, and looking into different cultures and how they are different from ours. Sometimes it is hard to understand exactly what is meant by the term â€Å"gender†, and how it differs from the closely related term â€Å"sex†. â€Å"Sex† refers to the biological and physiological characteristics that define men and women. While â€Å"gender† refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviors, activities, and attributes a given society considers appropriate for men and women (WHO, 2011). To put it another way, â€Å"male† and â€Å"female† are sex categories and â€Å"masculine† and â€Å"feminine† are gender categories. Aspects of sex will not vary substantially between different human societies, while aspects of gender may vary greatly. Sex characteristics are very different from gender characteristics. Some examples of sex characteristics; women menstruate while men do not, men have testicles while women do not, men generally have more massive bones than women do. Now, some examples of gender characteristics; in the United States women generally earn less money than men, in Saudi Arabia men are allowed to drive while women are not (WHO, 2011). Can you tell the difference now? Your sex does not determine what gender you are. The way they are determined in the family setting can be drastically different depending on which family structure you belong in. There are four essential types of family structures. The first is the nuclear family that can be defined as a family consisting of a mother, father, and their biological or adoptive descendants, often called the traditional family. The second structure is the single parent. The single parent structure consists of the mother or the father and the child and/or children. The third type of structure is the extended family, which is two or more adults from unlike generations of a family, who share a household. The fourth and final structure is the childless family. The childless family is a group of people from all variety of backgrounds and all lifestyles who, for whatever reason, have never had children (Shelton, 2010). Depending on the family structure you grew up in, it could have long-term effects on your gender role attitude. In the single-parent structure, the parent has to fulfill both gender roles in the family. Research has confirmed that people raised by single parents tend to be more androgynous, as well as more mature and independent (Schenck, 2009). They learn from seeing their parent take on both roles. In the extended family, there are many generations of a family living under the same roof. In an extended family, there are many advantages, such as the big support structure. The big support structure has a strong influence in many facets of life (economic, social, emotional, and psychological). Talcott Parsons goes into detail with the nuclear family structure and the types of gender roles that can play out. In 1955, Talcott Parsons developed a model of the nuclear family. It compared a strictly traditional view of gender roles (from an industrial-age American perspective) to a more liberal view (Discovery Media, 2011). The Parsons model is used to contrast and illustrate extreme positions on gender roles. Model A describes total separation of male and female roles, while Model B describes the complete dissolution of gender roles (Skolnick, 1995). How to cite Gender Roles, Essay examples Gender Roles Free Essays Gender Analysis Essay Gender Roles? What Gender Roles? Throughout the endless generations and societies of the world the idea of gender roles can be found in each and every single one. Every human being, in their own time and own way, has had an image drilled into their head as to how the roles of each gender should be played out. On the outermost surface there are two distinct and recognizable types of gender naturally being male and female. We will write a custom essay sample on Gender Roles or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, that truly is only the surface as there are many types of gender roles either a male or a female may choose to, or be forced into assuming throughout their lives. Society uses whatever image it chooses in order to convey what it thinks the gender roles should be at the time and is very capable of controlling the way people think, act, and behave. However, our generation as well as the last few generations have had the interesting experience of living in a society in which long established gender roles are being challenged more and more everyday. We are deciding as a people that we are far more interested in being individuals then simply going along with the stereotypes set forth by society. My family, in which my father is responsible for the majority of cooking and cleaning while my mother is the main breadwinner and financial overseer, seems to be a perfect example of the new trend along which society is moving and the new opportunities and ideas that are becoming a reality when it comes to gender roles in society. Everyone knows the long and stereotypical list of jobs that guys do and jobs that girls do as well as the different toys that each are supposed to play with when they’re little. We all also know how the boy that plays with dolls and the girl that plays with trucks gets treated when they’re little. Seemingly, neither one of these things has really changed at all up until today, but why then does the idea of gender roles seem to be diminishing every single day? Personally, I believe it has almost everything to do with your family and the people that you are surrounded by at a young age. They’re the ones who dress you, decide what school you go to, what friends you hangout with, even what food you eat. They take the small clay ball that is you as a baby and begin to try and form it into what they (in many cases what society) want it to be. For me, this was not so much the case. Every Sunday morning I would roll over in my bed to the sound of the vacuum cleaner humming up and down the hallway or the mop squeaking along the kitchen floor. Once I finally was able to pull myself out of bed and drag my way up to the kitchen table I was greeted by a plate stocked full of eggs bacon and pancakes all drowned in steaming maple syrup. If you were to ask almost anybody who it was making these noises and preparing this delicious meal they would undoubtedly say it was my mother. But they would be wrong. While my dad was busy cleaning and making breakfast, my mom was in her office starting on her work for the day, or filing taxes or balancing the checkbook. See, in my house, the term gender role was a very confusing one seeing as how it had a different meaning there then almost everywhere else. I would go to all my friends houses and see their dads, coming home all dirty and sweaty from work, cracking open a cold one while their moms would be scurrying around in an apron tidying things up and pulling hot buttery rolls out of the oven right before dinner. It never really dawned on me at such a young age though that the differences between my home and my friend’s home were so significant and that I truly have a different life because of these differences. To be completely honest, I have never really thought about the way in which experiencing gender roles in such a reversed way (thus perhaps not experiencing them at all) has actually affected me and the way in which I act. However, thinking about it now, there are definitely aspects of my life and personality that are different due to the circumstances under which I was raised. Most importantly, I think that growing up in a household in which all the gender rules were broken has allowed me to be much more open to new people, places, and things. Gender is more likely than not the very first thing you notice about someone. You use it as a basis for almost all of the forthcoming judgments you will make about someone based on things such as what they’re wearing, how they talk, where they work, what they eat. A person’s gender decides so much about them in they eyes of an observer, the only problem being many of those things may not even be true. Growing up ith the idea that men and women can fulfill whatever role they choose both within the home and outside of it has caused me to be a much less judgmental person. This is because if you take gender out of the equation it eliminates such a large portion of what you would judge a person on that you don’t judge them at all. Realizing something as simple as the fact that men can stay at home and cook and clean and women can work hard and be in charge of money allows you to realize that you actually have to talk to a person and get to know them before you really known anything about them, you can’t just take things at face value. Had I grown up with the stereotypical patriarchal family I have no doubt that I would be a different person. For every child that does grow up with one of these families, the roles assigned to each gender are becoming more and more solidified. Every parent that buys their little boys baseball gloves and a plastic tool box and their girls an easy-bake oven and doll house is simply placing another brick in the ever growing wall of gender roles and we are still, to this day, witnessing the negative effects these gender roles are having on our society. Men still dominate most higher up positions while women still receive lower wages then men in many cases. It’s a little crazy to think that something as simple as what toys you give your children to play with are contributing to the development and growth of gender discrimination isn’t it? So many people may be asking, what toys should my kids play with? Well, growing up I sure didn’t play with dolls or easy bake ovens, I also played with trucks and superhero action figures and baseball gloves. The difference is in the context in which I was playing with these toys. I was playing with my hot wheels while watching my dad scrub the bathroom floor and hitting baseballs through the window of my mom’s office while she was making major family decisions. It was being able to see the full spectrum of what both males and females could do that allowed me to never get sucked in to the idea of gender-designated roles. I hate to sound as if I’m bragging or over prideful when I say this but I feel as though it is family environments such as the one I was brought up in that are allowing for cracks to be formed in that brick wall of gender roles. Trying to teach people about true gender equality and cooperation when they’re already grown up and have had 30 or so years of â€Å"teaching† from the rest of society is something that is very hard to do. In Amy Truong’s essay, â€Å"Gender Expectations and Familial Roles Within Asian American Culture† she talks about how her ideas of gender roles were also formed at a very young age, â€Å" Within Asian culture, women are raised and taught to be silent and obedient†¦growing up I was told, ‘Do not comment or speak up,’ whenever I wanted to voice my opinion. My opinion was considered unimportant. And for many years of my life I believed that this was true. † It is clear that within our own culture, Asian culture, and more than likely every culture of the world, you are truly taught about gender roles within society as a small child when you don’t have the ability to teach yourself and thus you simply take what is given to you. Thus, I strongly believe that gender roles are specifically established within the first years of each new generation. They are then solidified throughout your childhood and teenage years and by the time you are an adult your beliefs about gender and society are already more than decided. This generation, now grown up, will pass down the exact same beliefs and ideals about gender to their children and the perpetual circle of assigned gender roles and discrimination against the non-conformists continues. Growing up with an alternate view of gender roles has allowed me to understand that we can change the old and out dated idea that because you’re a woman you stay at home with the kids and because you’re a man you bring home the paycheck. In almost all cases, excluding some jobs involving physical labor, women are more than capable of doing the exact same jobs men do, and in many cases a better job. Similarly, men are capable of doing all the same jobs commonly held by women. All it is, is a state of mind that has been so instilled in the heads of society that we have all but lost the will to change it. We are all created equal, it is a statement on which America was founded, but perhaps it should instead become a statement by which America actually lives. How to cite Gender Roles, Papers Gender Roles Free Essays Genders role between men and women are always present through history. During the 1930’s the time when this story takes place, men are usually the ones working for the money, and performing all the hard labor, while women are supposed to do all the house work, and behave in a polite manner. In the story â€Å"Boys and girls† by Alice Munro the protagonist struggles with societies ideas of how a girl should be. We will write a custom essay sample on Gender Roles or any similar topic only for you Order Now This story is about a girl who prefers helping her father with chores on the field as opposed to helping her mother in the kitchen. As the story progresses her mentality changes as she starts caring about what she wears, how her hair looks, and doesn’t protest being called a girl. The relationship between men and woman in this story conveys how men see woman as inferior based on what roles society places on them. An incident showing how men see woman as inferior was shown when the mother said to the father † Wait till Laird gets a little bigger, then you’ll have a real help†. This conveys that men in this society can perform physical labor better than women. The mother tries to plot ways into getting the girl to help her around the house. Even though the girls doesn’t like helping around the house the mother believes that is what women should be doing. This relates back to what the mother said to the father, because she believes the girl is incapable of helping in the farm. Also shows how the mother fills the roles set for women in this society, and wants to enforce these roles onto the girl. Another incident was when the girl was thinking to herself. She said â€Å"A girl was not, as I had supposed, simply what I was; it was what I had to become†. This statement shows how her mentality was changing throughout the story. At first she was confident and happy helping her father out on the farm. The girl then became unsecure because of all the chatter circulated by her mother to other people, and the constant emphasis of what a ‘girl’ should be. This shows how woman in this society are inferior from the point of view of not only men, but also woman such as the mother. Another incident was when the girl could have shut the gate on the horse â€Å"Flora†, but instead she let the horse run away. When the father found about her letting the horse go from Laird he was frustrated at first, but then commented â€Å"She’s only a girl†. This further emphasizes the reality of how ‘girls’ are seen in this society. The girl felt free from guilt through her father’s tone of voice when he commented about her being only a girl. The girl at this point didn’t protest being called a girl, and thought it was possibly true. The father’s use of words conveys the overall perception of how men felt women in that society. Furthermore gender roles in this story gives a overall view of what men and woman should perform in society. The men in this story are the one working on the farm, and performing all physical labor. The woman such as the mother in this story performs all the kitchen work. These roles are enforced into the girl and also her brother Laird throughout the story. The emphasis of how male see woman as inferior is present from beginning of the story to end through many incidents. How to cite Gender Roles, Papers Gender Roles Free Essays The â€Å"long held stereotype of the typical family† has become a thing in the past. More and more do we see both men and women seeking work outside of the home in order to provide a stable household? In today’s society, a woman who stays home is often considered as lazy or useless, which is far from true according to the long held stereotype. Although men and women have had a history of pushing boundaries and breaking free of their specific gender roles in the past, our people as a whole haven’t learned from these courageous examples. We will write a custom essay sample on Gender Roles or any similar topic only for you Order Now Instead, there are traditional ways in which our children are molded from long held ideals which have survived throughout many years and continue to segregate men and women apart. Certain occupations and many careers continue to devalue women and glue them as far away from greater opportunities. The media has also become the biggest influence in pushing men and women to conform to their gender appropriate roles. As a child, we are raised by the ideals and beliefs that our family and for many generations have considered to be important. Such ideals include children identifying their sex and determining what is considered to be appropriate for their gender. For example, toy stores are typically segregated, often seeing the boy toys separated from the girl toys. The color trend is also apparent in which blue is identified with boys and pink will quickly be assumed for a girl. Boys are also burdened by a secret code, which is commonly titled as the â€Å"Boy Code†. The Boy Code is a somewhat strict set of rules in which they are expected to be rough, independent and rather emotionless. On the other hand, parents tend to be cautious around young girls because they don’t expect them to be any of those manners. Typically girls are given the approval to be vulnerable, gentle and clumsy. Women are definitely taught that they live in a male dominated society. Education provides very little detail of how women have contributed to history and employers continue see less value in a woman than in a man. Women are constantly cheated from what they deserve; especially women who earn less for the same job as her male counterpart. Not only do jobs lack equal promotional opportunities for women as well, institutions make it hard for a woman to keep her job or get one. For example, a mother is typically the first person a school or a daycare center will contact in regards to her child. Also, it is frequently the mother who stays home from work to care for a sick child or an ill relative. These expectations and obligations pushes women to conform to society’s gender roles. The media is all around us from billboards, magazines, commercials and the internet, the media is wherever we go. The media continues to enforce specific gender roles and it is by far the strongest enforcement. For example, in commercials that pertain to cooking and cleaning products, women are often employed to model the product’s use. Secondly, young girls are rarely seen playing with action figures or toy cars on television as well. Not only are women being taught on what is considered to be gender appropriate, but men are too. Men are often portrayed to be masculine in most types of media. Commercials frequently show a dozen women swooning over a man with body spray or handing a man a beer when he is doing something inappropriate for his gender. The â€Å"long held stereotype of the typical family† seems to be a practice that no longer exists. Although many families have strayed from this idea, it continues to be desired. Times have progressed and our people have changed as well. Our people seem to have seen it all, from the end of women’s suffrage to the United States’ first black president. Unfortunately, our progress as a union hasn’t guaranteed equality to men and women. Children are continued to be raised by the ideals that have survived through the male dominated eras, work institutions devalue their women colleagues and the media subconsciously steers us towards gender appropriate roles. How to cite Gender Roles, Papers Gender Roles Free Essays Gender Roles Gender roles are affected by the typical roles society expects both men and women to fit into because they determine how we should think, speak, dress, and interact within the context of society. Whereas I believe that men and women should be who they want to be. Society has many expectations on men; men are supposed to be brave and stronger than woman. We will write a custom essay sample on Gender Roles or any similar topic only for you Order Now An article on The Social Roles of Men and Women states â€Å"It is not enough for a man to be male; he also has to appear masculine. † People believe that men should be bold, strong, and powerful but that’s not always the case. Men should act the way they want! Just because society or their parents expect them to be masculine doesn’t mean they have to. Another example from The Social Roles of Men and Women adds â€Å"Traditionally, fathers teach boys how to fix and build things. † I’m sure everyone expects men to teach their sons how to fix or build things. Some fathers don’t even follow this concept with their sons. Sometimes when these kids grow up and don’t know how to build or fix things there are looked at differently as if they are worthless. Moreover from a different article Gender and Society says â€Å"Men have always been afraid that women could get along without them. † This quote is basically stating that men think that women can live without them, when in reality they can. Men are afraid of this because they believe that women should stay home, keep the house clean and have dinner waiting for them once they come back from work. Men shouldn’t be afraid that women can be independent; I think it’s great that women can be independent and not rely on anyone but themselves. Society also has many expectations on women too; women are usually looked at as being nicer than men. The article The Social Roles of Men and Women says â€Å"A woman, in addition to being female, must also be feminine. † Society believes that all women should be beautiful, smart, and lovely. I believe that all women are beautiful the way they are; they don’t have to try their best to look their best because having a beautiful heart is what really matters. Everyone in this world is smart in their own way so people in society need to stop judging because both men and women are smart. Another example from The Social Roles of Men and Women claims that â€Å"that women are naturally passive. I strongly disagree with this statement because women are definitely not lifeless and inactive. We women are very active and independent now a days. We support and raise our children without men. The last example is one that Thandie Newton mentioned â€Å"[We assume] that the self is an actual living thing, but it’s not. It’s a projection which our clever brains create i n order to cheat ourselves from the reality of death. † Newton shows us how she believes that society does have an effect on gender roles because she says our†self† is something created by our brains and ultimately society. Although men and women have different expectations in society, they both are affected by typical roles society expects them to live by. For example in the article Gender and Society it states â€Å"costume, a mask, a straitjacket in which men and women dance their unequal dance. † I think this quote is telling us that gender is not real because it’s saying gender is a â€Å"costume†. Also when the quote says â€Å"dance their unequal dance† it means that no matter if you’re a man or woman, they both are unequal. The last example from Gender and Society tells us â€Å"For instance, men and women who feel that they do not fit the masculine and feminine stereotypes, or who resent them as too restrictive, may also develop ambiguous feelings about their biological sex. † I believe that people shouldn’t care about what society expects from them. Just because men are supposed to be masculine and women are supposed to be feminine doesn’t mean you don’t fit in. You should not be confused about your sex because all that matters in the end is that you’re happy for the real person you are not the fake person you’re trying to be to fit in. To conclude gender roles are affected by the typical roles society expects us to fit into because they determine the context of society. Society has many expectations on men and women. Men are looked at as being strong, powerful, and bold; whereas women are looked at as being clean, smart and lovely. Although men and women have different expectations in society we should not care about what society thinks and care about what we think. Men and women should be able to be who they want to be! Not someone they don’t want to be. MLA â€Å"Gender and Society: A Matter of Nature or Nurture? Gender and Society: A Matter of Nature or Nurture? N. p. , n. d. Web. 06 Nov. 2012. http://www. trinity. edu/mkearl/gender. html. â€Å"The Social Roles of Men and Women. † The Social Roles of Men and Women. N. p. , n. d. Web. 06 Nov. 2012. http://www2. hu-berlin. de/sexology/ATLAS_EN/html/the_social_roles_of_men_and_wo. html. â€Å"Thandie Newton: Embracing Otherness, Embracing Myself. à ¢â‚¬  TED: Ideas worth Spreading. N. p. , n. d. Web. 06 Nov. 2012. http://www. ted. com/talks/thandie_newton_embracing_otherness_embracing_myself. html. How to cite Gender Roles, Essay examples

Life Streaming and Life News for Events -MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theLife Streaming and Life News for Events. Answer: Lifestreaming is a way of filing and sharing features of an individual's day by day social incidents online such as photos, tweets, videos and documents through a particular website such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and WhatsApp. According to the Urban Dictionary, the lifestream is a time-ordered stream of records, posts, comments, pictures and videos that function as a diary of an individual's electronic existence (Urban Dictionary, 2017). Although TV life news continues to be the largely contested way to watching television, lifestreaming is slowly overtaking the fashion. Below is a chart showing the time shifted of live video and lifestreaming. According to Nielsen's report (2016, 2017), TV continues to be the most popular entertainment although individuals are spending more hours surfing the web and enjoying lifestreaming services. For this reason, a large number of homes are gradually dumping Life TV news altogether. By December 3, approximately 2.6 million households in the US use broadband only, in that they dont pick up a broadcast signal indicating a decline in TV viewing. The viewing of traditional TV is continuing its slow decline as compared to lifestreaming which is on the rise hence overtaking life TV. Lifestreaming and social networking services allow individuals to be in contact with their close friends, family members, celebrities and even politicians through the web by either using their handheld devices like mobile phones, smartphones or computers as compared to TV in which aspects viewed are selected for you. In this case, the social and professional boundary is becoming thinner since social lifestreaming offers its users with a sense of belonging and friendship while being in their respective workplaces and homes as well. Companies that provide streaming services such as Amazon, Facebook, Twitter and Netflix have benefitted from the decline in TV viewing in recent years. According to research, it indicates that approximately forty percent of families use services like Amazon and Netflix for prime instant videos and pictures up from thirty-five percent in the year 2013. Over thirteen percent of households possess multimedia devices and smart TVs such as an Apple TV to stream such content other than watching them on TV. Relatively enough, viewing of online videos and social networking services has had an increase of about 4 to 5 hours per month yearly which approximates to 11 hours and 45 minutes of lifestreaming services. Over the recent years, lifestreaming experience has led to the increase of artificial intelligence in that the websites for lifestream are easy to understand and accessible to the users. The main aim of the Semantic Web is to alter information into data for the computers and others multimedia devices to read and understand the content available. At the moment, web pages are made to be read by humans. According to Ray Kurzweil, media creation and the advancements in social life technology are changing to Technological Singularity. It indicates that lifestreaming services are slowly rising and overtaking the TV career news although, there is a connection between the two aspects in that individuals enjoy lifestreaming to share and engage with others on the trending issues on TV. The continued fast accessibility of lifestreaming activities provided users with transparent and authenticated information that inspires and even informs the user more than TV can be because it gives individuals a variety of choices such as sports, fashion and lifestyle, politics and trending issues unlike on television programmes are selected for people. According to Kevin Rose who is the founder of Digg talks about the benefits of lifestreaming over life TV news. He says lifestreaming offers people an opportunity to arrange various types of information and real life experience to the further detailed digital diary. For instance, as compared to live TV, lifestreaming allows individuals to view one's lifestream right from childhood to adulthood, and people enjoy the Lifestream to share and engage with others. Lifestreams also characterises a broad range source of information about individuals that can be excavated and identifies more traits of a person in one go. Lifestreaming also allows people to follow news and trends about the budget and other physical activities in a detailed manner than on TV. According to the Activity Theory, accessing a persons lifestream is an act of assimilation in a society in which the needs and interests of other people are perfectly observed. The rise of the personal computers and smartphones is challenging TV viewership since people prefer direct interaction with friends and family through the web directly from the handheld devices or computers than watching life TV news. In Nielsen's Total Audience Report (2016, 2017), the monthly television watching time is gradually decreasing as compared to the number of hours people lifestream in the recent years as shown in the chart below. In conclusion, individuals prefer to live the life they want the moment they want instead of waiting for something to happen on TV hence making lifestream on the rise. Currently, the number of Internet-based users outnumbers TV viewers with the increase of handheld and other multimedia devices than those of TV sets around the world. Lifestreaming on the Internet and other multimedia devices has outnumbered the TV viewers by a ratio of 4:1 (Wowza.com, 2017) hence answering the question, can life streaming overcome the viewership of TV life news? For instance, in the breaking news like the recent Manchester bombing, people consider the option of using their tablets or smartphones to see for themselves happening at the moment because maybe the TV set is not available at the moment. Some years back viewership in the social media wasvery disappointing as compared to TV viewing, but lately, lifestream is on the rising en convincingly it will overtake the life TV news. References 2016, T. (2017). The Nielsen Total Audience Report: Q4 2016. [online] Nielsen.com. Available at: https://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/reports/2017/the-nielsen-total- audience-report-q4-2016.html [Accessed 24 May 2017]. Condliffe, J. (2017). Can Amazon and Twitter kill off TV by streaming live events?. [online]MIT Technology Review. Available at: https://www.technologyreview.com/s/604314/can-amazon-and-twitter-kill-off-tv-by- streaming-live-events/ [Accessed 24 May 2017]. Engestro?m, Y., Miettinen, R., Punama?ki, R.-L., International Congress for Research on Activity Theory. (2010). Perspectives on activity theory. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. Minirth, F. B., Meier, P. D., Arterburn, S. (2010). The complete life encyclopaedia: A Minirth Meier New Life family resource. Nashville: T. Nelson. Topic, M. (2012). Streaming media demystified. New York, NY [u.a.: McGraw-Hill. Urban Dictionary. (2017). Urban Dictionary: Lifestream. [online] Available at https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Lifestream [Accessed 23 May 2017]. Wowza.com. (2017). The Future of Social TV: Streaming Live TV. [online] Available at: https://www.wowza.com/blog/the-future-of-social-tv-streaming-live-tv [Accessed 24 May 2017].

Education Quality In The U.S. Essays - Youth, Education Policy

Education Quality In The U.S. Throughout time, education has been considered a process that, every so often, must be improved. The education quality in the U.S. has declined over the years and people have been looking for a way to make improvements. A more recent proposal has been to go from a traditional nine- month schedule to an all year program. Supporters of year round schooling claim it better educates the student. However, the prospect of year round schooling proves disadvantageous, and nine month schooling is more effective. One disadvantage to all-year schooling is its high cost. More funds are necessary to cover the costs of paying the teachers and staff for one full year instead of for 180 days work. Teachers currently make an average of $37, 000 in the United States. But, the costs would increase to $53, 000 to keep the teachers for a full year. Currently, a district uses a lot of its budget on paying teachers. Once the increased costs are put in place, the budget depletes rapidly. Additional funds for utilities should be considered because air conditioning systems will most likely be needed during the three additional months. During those three months, more supplies will be consumed. Costs per school for items such as copy machines and scissors increase due to constant use. Students will be deprived of simple items such as worksheets and class handouts. Transportation and equipment costs would go up for constant maintenance. Buses that travel every school day use the district's money for gasoline an d repairs; these large sums are needed to cover maintenance. These costs can be very hard for a district to swallow. Taxes have to shoot up to solve the dilemma. Overall, the costs add up and equal a loss for the students' environment. Students will also suffer educational losses because they will have less time for extracurricular activities to make them more well rounded. Many students use their summer vacations to travel and spend time with their parents. However, with school in session during the summer it would be much harder for a family to spend time together and for students to be enriched with new experiences. Research shows that students are also less likely to succeed if they are not given a large break during the summer. Teachers will be unable adjust their curriculums for their incoming classes without an extensive break, shortchanging his or her students. An unprepared teacher can only mean much more time wasted. Faculty and students find that summer breaks can be an important time for growing. Without this break, both teachers and students alike would lack the proper time necessary for maturing. It is important that students continue to mature throughout high school. Year- round schooling does not gu arantee that this will occur. Time spent with friends would also decrease as many students run on different schedules. Friendship is very important in the all around development of a child; and year round school would separate students into two or three different schedules, away from friends. Students are not given any preference as to which one they must follow and it is simply a factor of luck. The biggest problem with all-year schooling is the adaptation to a schedule by the students and teachers involved with the change. For students already in junior high or high school, year round school would be a very difficult transition to make. After years of following one method, they would be told to suddenly switch tracks completely. Students would then lose a chance for improved education. Similarly, teachers will not have the time needed to take additional classes to improve their teaching strategies. How can a district expect education to improve if teachers can't improve their own personal education? Students moving out of the district will be in conflict with a district that had a nine- month schedule. Also, special events, such as graduation, or the beginning of the school year, would all be lost in the short confusion, taking place from year to year. This means that after years of hard work in school, graduating seniors will be taken out of the limelight. A revision does indeed need to occur in the U.S. education system. The facts all

Effects of Sex Education on Adolescent Behavior by Deborah Dawson

Effects of Sex Education on Adolescent Behavior by Deborah Dawson Sex education refers to the process in a human life where one acquires information and forms, values, attitudes and beliefs about intimacy, identity and relationships. It includes reproductive health, sexual development, affection, relationships amongst people, roles of different genders and body image. It addresses all aspects of life; psychological, spiritual, social and cultural dimensions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Effects of Sex Education on Adolescent Behavior† by Deborah Dawson specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The article on â€Å"Effects of sex education on adolescent behavior† by Deborah Dawson gives different percentages of adolescents in regard to the type of sex information they receive in United States of America; especially on pregnancy and contraceptives. It is a professional journal on sex education. The main effect of sex education on adolescent behavior is reduced adolescen t pregnancies and induced abortions. I like this article because it emphasizes the need to educate the adolescents on sexual issues. The article is an excellent piece of work. I believe sex education impacts greatly on adolescents. Sex education is the tool to ensure the change of attitudes and thoughts amongst teenagers concerning sex, pregnancy and birth control. Sex education helps the participants to gain knowledge on their reproductive health and methods of birth control. Sex education is essential to adolescents. It changes their attitude towards other people’s sexual behavior. It is important to measure the behavioral impacts of sex education. I think the program has great effect on values and attitude of teenagers in regards to sex. Somehow the program could be having no impact on levels of sexual activity amongst teens. All the same, sex education has increased the sense of responsibility among teenagers. There is a positive relationship between use of contraceptives and sex education, which in my view shows responsibility. I believe the levels of sexual activity may remain high, but sex education helps in reducing cases of teenage pregnancy and abortions. The article is an excellent piece of work, but it has a few gaps. The sex education program presented in this case is more of theory than interactive. Students should play active roles, be involved in groups and watch videos for them to see the reality. This will improve its effectiveness. Daniel Wight’s article on â€Å"Limits of teacher delivered sex education† highlights some of the challenges which face sex education program in schools. In his study he involves 25 schools in East Scotland with and his main objective was to establish whether sex education delivered in schools or by teachers’ reduced unsafe sexual intercourse among adolescents.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More I like this article because it offers a comprehensive report on limitations of sex education offered at schools. I adolescents spend most of their time at school, which means that teachers should ac like guardians. Also teachers should be able to deliver sex education effectively. The main aim of sex education in schools is to reduce cases of risky sexual behavior among adolescents. The quality of education they get matters most. Such gaps in delivering of sex education calls for other interventions like SHARE which means; Sexual Health Relationships: Safe, Happy and Responsible. In my opinion I would encourage such a programme to complement the school based curriculum. The program proves to be more effective in improving the quality of sexual relationships, reducing unsafe sexual activities and unwanted pregnancies. Sex education should not be a theoretical class work only, but should take a pro-active view in order to be effective. Effective sex education pro gram includes, working in small groups and games, providing sexual health leaflets, using interactive video and playing of different roles in order to develop skills. Including all these aspects in the program ensures that the program is effective. When the interactive program is put in practice, a considerable change of behavior is noticed. This is an excellent article to close up the gaps occurring in sex education delivered by teachers. It shows how delivering of sex education has changed and the results which come with the changes. Dawson, D. (1986). The effects of sex education on adolescent behavior. Family Planning Perspectives, 162-170. Print Wight, D., Raab, G., Henderson, M., Abraham, C., Buston, K., Hart, G. Scott, S. (2002). Limits of teacher delivered sex education: interim behavioral outcomes from randomized trial. BMJ, 324 7351, 1430. Print.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Effects of Sex Education on Adolescent Behavior† by Deb orah Dawson specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

Agora History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Agora History - Essay Example Agora is an historical Spanish drama film produced in 2009. The movie was directed by Alejandro Amenabar. Agora represents a movie genre that is increasingly rare. The movie is based in the happenings of the 4th century in the Roman Empire. The whole story focuses on a 4th century Greek astronomer called Hypatia.The movie therefore represents a successful project of making a movie about the past period while at the same time, making a movie about the present (Germain 12). The historical movie was set in roman Egypt, specifically, at the end of the Roman Empire. In the last days of the empire, the Alexandria city in Egypt was torn. There came a split between Christians and the pagans and due to their large numbers, Christians gained political power. They therefore set the standard of morality that was a must-abide for all who wanted to survive. There are several religious aspects that are evident in the film (Pollard and Howard 64). Religious domination and war between religious group s is seen when Christians destroyed pagan gods and waged war against pagans. The Jews were caught in between this leading to divisions among them. Many pagans were converted to Christianity as well as some Jews like Dave, Hypatia’s slave. They shifted to Christianity to save themselves of trouble from this powerful group. Others stuck to the Jewish religion and there emerged open war and hatred between Christians and the Jews. Devout Jews became victims of the war against paganry. Religion was also use to cover up for the rejection of the ideas of some people. For example, Hypatia was not really interested in religion but in making discoveries and selling her ideas to the people. she was victimised on religious grounds because most of the Christians did not support her views. This also depicted the religious hypocrisy of that time. The Christians were not ready to forgive Hypatia as Jesus, their perfect example, forgave those who sinned against him. Religious leaders could on ly stand with the rights of Christians instead of humanity, representing God’s precious creation. Although some people may criticise the movie for emphasising on early Christianity, especially the dominating nature of Roman Catholic, the movie has a high historic accuracy. Rohter (10) observes that the themes of religions verses spirituality and faith verses zealotry are clearly brought out. This religious rottenness was powerful enough even to nullify other binding factors among people. This is seen when Synesius and Dave, at one point, turn against Hypanthia because of sticking to Jewish religions yet they were in love with her. The clash between education and religion, and knowledge and faith leads to destruction of the library. The making of a present time movie out of the past period represents a high level of creativity in the movie. Amenabar developed the movie as a result the interest he developed by exploring the night sky. In 2004, he took a break after producing on e of his movies and he travelled to the island of Malta. Stevens (5) notes that while there, Amenabar discussed astronomy with this friends and they begun speculating about extraterrestrial life found on other planets. They studied famous astrologers like the Ptolemy, Galileo, Copernicus and Johannes but the story of this 4th century astrologer was most interesting. The film is therefore cerebral, ambitious and complex. Unlike most toga movies, Agora does not depend on CHI spectacle but on ideas and real drama. The political situation at this time was poor and discriminative. When Christians waged war against the Jews, the rulers of the city of Alexandria were not powerful enough to stop it and the situation got out of hand. Despite

National Rifle Association Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

National Rifle Association - Essay Example The NRA in modern civil society receives much scrutiny for its stance on guns and people's right to maintain them but the NRA merely advocates correct gun usage as opposed to the implementation of guns in the world as they are perceived by many people to do (Helmut 2004). However, it must be stated that this stance is not one of promoting violence, but one promoting their basic foundation, the implementation of knowledge. Is gun possession for protection a civil liberty Well many people in the current civil society believe that there is enough independence in choice of human conduct. People are increasingly creating awareness that it's the person behind the weapon that commits a crime and not the weapon itself! The founders of national rifle Association believed that people in modern society were responsible enough to control their character even when in possession of a dangerous weapon like a gun (Kant, 2003 p. 33). Although NRA was faced with so much criticisms of controversy, it was one of the most influential lobby groups in the United States. There was growing need to support the second amendment which encouraged responsible gun ownership in the name of self defense. As a result of this, the NRA was formed from the views of two retired army officers who primarily wanted to make the entire human society more knowledgeable about the handling of firearms. Col. William C. Church and Gen. George Wingate started NRA in 1871 to be able to promote a sense of scientific process among all individuals whenever they handle firearms (Anderson p. 186). After the US charter in the State of New York approved the existence of the NRA the First President of the organization, US Senator Gen. Ambrose Burnside, took responsibility of this position (NRA HQ website). Ambrose Burnside as the first president, he tried his best to establish the organization's reputation in the society that they were most involved with. The aim of this body was make the society more responsible in the way of handling guns for self-protection grounds. It is indeed from the primary aims of the founders of the organization that NRA actually started out to affect the modern civil society as a whole. George Washington once said, "Firearms stand next in importance to the Constitution itself." (Wilson 2002) I think that is a simple approach the NRA is taking on the consideration of the Second Amendment and trying to instruct the proper safety of handling a firearm. Hence, through the financial support provided by the Long Island and Creed Farm, the organization was able to establish a practice range that would train numerous individuals, with their own guns, for the purpose of self defense. The Credmor, NRA's first training grounds, was established in 1872. (Anderson p. 20 3) It was the initial venue for the first ever annual shooting matches that happened during those years. Up to this day, the organization aims to educate everyone in the society about the need to be responsible and knowledgeable about the right usage of guns and firearms. In an aim to educate everyon

Socio-Cultural Theories Of Crime

Socio-Cultural Theories Of Crime The sociological or socio-cultural model provides a macro-level analysis of criminal violence. This model examines criminal violence in terms of socially structured inequality, and social and cultural attitudes and norms regarding anti-social behaviour and inter-personal relations. Besides the two well-known theories, viz. the Structural-Functional Theory and the Theory of Sub-culture of Violence, the Learning Theory, the Exchange Theory, the Anomie Theory, and the Resource Theory also come under socio-cultural analysis.  [1]   Structural Theory This theory asserts that social groups differ in respect to their typical levels of stress, deprivation and frustration and in the sources at their disposal to deal with these stresses. It explains that those individuals would be more violent who combine high stress with low resources. This theory thus explains an individuals action in terms of the ways it is shaped or determined by social forces of one kind or another. Among the possible sources of stress are economic conditions, bad housing, relative poverty, lack of job opportunities and unfavourable and frustrating work condition. Men and women are socialized into particular roles to which are attached a set of socially determined expectations. If structural faction prevents these expectations from being realized, frustration results and violence may ensue. Furthermore, in a variety of ways violence is socially legitimated. Criticism One consequence of accepting this position is that the action of individuals has nothing to do with their personalities and values, and that violence cannot be described in terms of conflict, suppression, sublimation, guilt, and so on. The role of rationality also has to be rejected in social action. The structuralistic perspective, thus, leaves some questions unanswered because of which it is criticized. It should also be observed, however, that while stress resulting from poverty, inequality and various forms of deprivation may be contributory factors in domestic violence, only a small proportion of those who experience such conditions behave violently and many of those who do behave violently are neither poor nor deprived. The identification of structural factors gives a more political flavour to explanations of domestic violence. For example, a study by Straus revealed: that there was a lower incidence of domestic violence when the inequalities between men and women were less marked, and that weaker social bonds gave rise to increased domestic violence.  [2]   System Tension and Feedback System Theory This theory was developed by Straus (A General Systems Theory of violence between Family Members, 1973) to explain intra-family violence. Straus accounts for violence in the home by viewing family as a purposive goal-seeking, adaptive social system. Violence is seen as a system product or output rather than an individual pathology. Straus specified positive feedback in the system which can create an upward spiral of violence, and negative feedback which can maintain, dampen, or reduce the level of violence. According to this theory, violence is precipitated by factors such as stress and inter-individual conflict and is followed by consequences which maintain or escalate violence in family and in society. Criticism This theory has been criticized on the basis that there has been little research specifically concerned with the learning of marital violence. It also over-emphasizes the social system and completely ignores the role of individuals personality.  [3]   Resource theory Resource theory was suggested by William Goode (1971). Women who are most dependent on the spouse for economic well being (e.g. homemakers/housewives, women with handicaps, the unemployed), and are the primary caregiver to their children, fear the increased financial burden if they leave their marriage. Dependency means that they have fewer options and few resources to help them cope with or change their spouses behavior. Couples that share power equally experience lower incidence of conflict, and when conflict does arise, are less likely to resort to violence. If one spouse desires control and power in the relationship, the spouse may resort to abuse.  [4]   Criticism This theory does not explain all forms of violence against women. Various arguments can be given against this theory when applied to wife battering, dowry deaths, murders, rapes, and so on. Patriarchy Theory This theory developed by R.E. Dobash and R. Dobash (Violence Against Wives, 1979) maintains that throughout history, violence has been systematically directed towards women. Economic and social processes operate directly and indirectly to support a patriarchal social order and family structure. Dobashs central theoretical argument is that patriarchy leads to the subordination of women and contributes to a historical pattern of systematic violence directed against females. Criticism Dobashs theory, while perhaps the most macro-level approach to violence against women, has a major drawback of being a theory that is essentially a single factor (patriarchy) explanation of violence (towards women). Conflict and Control Theories Scholars like Foucault (1975), Thompson (1977), and Rothman (1980) have presented a domination model of deviance. They have talked of rules imposed on the powerless by the powerful. Radical and conflict sociologists like Quinney (1977) have argued that the purpose of controlling deviance is to protect the interests of the dominant classes and to prevent access to their resources by outsiders. In other words, the control apparatus is created to prevent the powerless from pursuing their interests, particularly if that pursuit involves gaining access to resources monopolized by the powerful. Imposing varied restrictions on women and compelling them to remain dependent on men economically, socially and emotionally to make them realize that they are weak and powerless in all respects, stands as an example of this argument. To the extent that the agents of control belong to the dominant group, an overall system of devaluation of the powerless group (women) can easily be implemented. Schurz (1983) contends that male control of deviance labelling results in their continued dominance in most spheres of life. The constraints on womens rights can be interpreted as function of the successful definition of women as different from and inferior to men. Man talks of woman not in herself but as relative to him. She is not regarded as an autonomous being. She is differentiated with reference to man and not him with reference to her. She is the incidental, the inessential as opposed to the essential. He is the Subject, he is the Absolute; she is the other. Sex role norms clearly differentiate men from women. When these norms become internalized, they are accepted as facts and seldom questioned. Millet (1970) has said: Because of our social circumstances, male and female are really two cultures and their life experiences are utterly different. Women live in such a different economic, cultural and social world from men that their reactions cannot be understood from a master model developed in male society. Criticism What is in question is not the existence of gender differences but the extent to which such differences justify restrictive role assignments to each gender. There is little disagreement regarding the cultural construction of gender, but there are conflicting views on the role biological factors play in such development. Thus women are: declared as different, defined as inferior, and women stereotypes are justified, and they are systematically deprived of rights, and all attempts at change are restricted. Inter-actionist Deviance Theory This theory, exemplified by theorists such as Erikson (1964), Becker (1963) Schurz (1971), and Lemert (1978) has three characteristics: it cites sex roles as causal factors of why engage in crime and deviant behaviour, it maintains that societal expectations about appropriate sex role behaviour influence the diagnosis and labelling of certain actions as deviant or criminal, and it holds that gender affects the response to such (deviant) behaviours by society (Wisdom, 1984), Since women tend to be less powerful and of lower social status than men, they are easily labelled as deviant in cases of domestic violence. This theory explains family violence in terms of sex role or gender norms, i.e., differential expectations for values, attitudes and behaviours as a function of ones gender. These norms serve as important standards against which women and men are evaluated through application of various sanctions (Schur, 1984). According to the prevalent sex role norms, a husband expects a good wife to behave in a certain manner. She has to run the household smoothly, ensure childrens well-mannered behaviour, avoid assertiveness and remain submissive to elders in family. Any show of independence on her part would violate sex role expectations for female behaviour. According to deviance theory, norm violations tend to trigger forces aimed at making the violator conform to expected standards of behaviour. Thus, when women do not behave like the males ideal of wife, husbands use violence against them to make them conform to norms.  [5]   Social Learning Theory Social learning theory while still concentrating on individual perpetrators, introduces a social element by attempting to explain mens violence towards women as learned behaviour. This phenomenon is seriously referred to as intergenerational transmission of violence. What it purports to demonstrate is that those who witness violence between their parent, or who themselves experience abuse as children are likely to resort to violence in adulthood.  [6]   This theory asserts that human aggression and violence are learned conduct, especially through direct experience and by observing the behaviour of others. According to this theory (Albert Bandura, Aggression: A Social Learning Analysis, 1973) the individual learns violence through imitation. Individuals pick up the behaviour patterns of those they are taught to respect and learn from. Whether observed in the flesh or via visual media, the behaviour of aggressive models is readily imitated by individuals. Aggressive behaviour patterns learned through modelling and imitation remain part of our repertoire of social responses over time. Rewards and punishments also play a crucial role in the learning and expression of behaviour patterns. One might think that physical aggression directed against ones fellows could hardly have any rewards, actual or anticipated. But it is not so. Violence offers abundant rewards and one learns it very early in life. This theory explains both the variations of persons and situations in their tendency to respond aggressively by reference to prior experience, reinforcement patterns, and cognitive processes. Steele and Pollock (1974) and Bennie and Sclare (1969) have maintained that abusive male adults are likely to have been raised in abusive homes. In fact, this family determinism approach maintains that all victims of childhood violence will grow up to be violent adults.  [7]   Criticism Such and Flit craft reject the notion that violence is transmitted from one generation to the next; they argue that the studies which claim to show this are methodologically flawed and base their conclusions on inadequate evidence and unsound interpretation. Widom points to methodological weaknesses in the research, including in retrospective nature and the lack of an adequate control group. Dr. Ram Ahuja applied this theory in studying a wife-batterers history of abuse as a child and found that about half of the batterers (55%) had faced conditions of manifest physical brutality or severe emotional rejection in their childhood. The data thus supported the social learning theory. Yet, violence which is the result of victims provocation or victims complicity, etc., cannot be explained on the basis of this simple theory. Cognitive Behaviour Theory The cognitive behaviour theory postulates that men batter because: They are imitating examples of abuse they have witnessed during childhood or in the media, abuse is rewarded, it enables the batterer to get what he wants, and abuse is reinforced through victim compliance and submission. This theory is same as social learning theory. Advantage and Criticism of the Cognitive Behaviour models One advantage of the cognitive behavioural model is that its analysis of battering and its intervention strategy are compatible with a criminal justice response to domestic violence. The approach holds the batterer fully responsible for his violence and fully responsible for learning and adopting nonviolent alternatives. Without trying to solve larger issues of social inequality on the one hand, or delving into deep-seated psychological issues on the other, the cognitive behavioural approach simply focuses on the violent acts themselves and attempts to change them. The feminist perspective criticises the cognitive behavioural approach for failing to explain why many men with thought patterns or skills deficits that allegedly explain their domestic violence are not violent in other relationships, how culture or sub-cultures influence patterns of violence, and why some men continue to abuse women even when the behaviour is not rewarded.  [8]   Exchange Theory Rechard J. Gelles feels that the Exchange Theory is the best theory of violence because it integrates the elements of the diverse theories of human violence. According to the Exchange Theory, interaction is guided by the pursuit of rewards and the avoidance of punishment and costs. In addition, an individual who supplies reward services to another obliges him to fulfil an obligation and thus the second individual must furnish benefits to the first. The exchange does not pertain to concrete or tangible things; rather, it involves intangibles such as esteem, liking, assistance and approval. If reciprocal exchange of rewards occurs, the interaction will continue, but if reciprocity is not received, the interaction will be broken off. Thus, actors expect rewards to be proportional to the investments (distributive justice). The costs and rewards are judged in the light of alternatives.  [9]   This theory explains the growth of resentment, anger, hostility and violence when the principle of distributive justice is violated. In applying the principles of the Exchange Theory to explain violence in a family (in our case wife beating, dowry death and rape by a family member), we expect that people will use violence in a family if the costs of being violent do not out-weigh the rewards. Goode suggests that force is used more by those in the poorer classes partly because they have less alternative resources and partly because their socialization experiences teach them to depend more on force. However, all researchers do not agree that the poor classes do use more force, though statistics show more violence in poor classes are there because of the fact that greater proportion of the population belongs to lower classes or it may be that middle classes have more resources or have greater motivation to hide their offences. Criticism Intra-family relations are more complex than those studied by Exchange Theorists. A wife cannot break-off interaction with her husband and parents cannot break-off interaction with their children, even if there is no reciprocity. Goode (1971) however, believes that violence is used as a last resort to solve problems in the family. But Nye (1979) does not accept Goodes viewpoint. In applying this theory to intra-family violence, we find some costs for being violent. First, there could be the chance of the victim hitting back; second, a violent assault could lead to an arrest and/or imprisonment; and finally, using violence could lead to loss of status. Thus, since the cost greater than the reward, how does the reward, how does the Exchange Theory explain violence against women?

Study Guide for French Revolution

Study Guide for French Revolution * Brinton’s model of a revolution: * Symptomatic Phase- all social classes are unhappy (peasants are scared of change, bourgeoisie want change) * Moderate Phase- revolution begins in hopes of control (radicals feel like there isn’t ENOUGH change) * Radical Phase- a strong men from a radical group gains and assumes power * Convalescence Phase- revolution has a setback; moderate groups regain power * Estates: First Estate: Clergy (less than 1% of population) * Upper Clergy: noble by birth/bishops * Lower Clergy: peasant class/priests * Second Estate: Nobility (less than 2% of population) * Privileged class * Absolute monarch would cause them to lose power * Third Estate: Common People (97% of population) * They pay all the taxes for the country * Includes the bourgeoisie, urban workers, peasants and serfs * Sans-culottes: radical lower class workers Louis XVI: King of France during the revolution; he was slow to make decisions about the r evolution * Marie Antoinette: France disliked her from the minute she married Louis XVI because she was Austrian and did not have a child for the first 7 or 8 years, and disregarded the struggle the public was going through * Old Regime: the social and political system before the revolution began * Cahiers- nobility Estates-General: under the Old Regime there was a legislative assembly with representatives from each estate; this system is very unfair because the 1st and 2nd estates would usually agree with one another and the third estate (which was obviously much larger than the other estates) was left in the dust; Louis XVI called them together when he heard about the revolution * Abbe Sieyes: a priest that wrote a pamphlet about the 3rd estate, which created the revolution to some extent because it made the third estate think about how little power they have; also this pamphlet helped the Old Regime urn into the National Assembly * National Assembly: the new legislative system in which the amount of representatives from the third estate was doubled, but the voting didn’t change (so in the end it helped with nothing) * Tennis Court Oath: Louis XVI locks the National Assembly out of their meeting spot at Versailles, so they go to an inside tennis court that’s near; the National Assembly took an oath saying that they would not separate, but reassemble whenever certain situations required a reorganization, at least until the constitution of France was created * The Bastille: July 14th, 1789;a large group of people bombarded the royal prison; it was a symbol of tyranny * The Great Fear: riots and violence spread to the countryside of France; people went on a rampage because they were afraid the king was forming an army and was going to attack them; National Assembly takes action to keep things in order * The Law of the Fourth of August: National Assembly abolishes feudalism (on paper, but in reality it doesn’t actually stop) * Emigres: Frenc h term meaning someone who has left/migrated out of the country * Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen: influenced by Rousseau; not a radical document; only benefit wealthy men * â€Å"Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity†: French motto March of the Women to Versailles: the goal was to bring the King back to Paris, so people could speak to him about important situations whenever they wanted * Civil Constitution of the Clergy: a law created that made the State have control of Church; priests were forced to swear an oath of loyalty to the revolution * Olympe de Gouges- a girondist woman who created the Declaration of the Rights of Woman, which was after the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen was created * Jacobins- the most radical group that wanted Paris to be the center of government; represented interests of sans-culottes * Girondists- another radical group that favored decentralized government; feared sans-culottes * Legislative Assembly: National Assembly vo ted themselves out of existence and created this new assembly; it lacked experience because there was a rule that said anyone from the National Assembly couldn’t be in the Legislative Assembly * The Marseillaise- France National Anthem; also it is an area in France * Flight to Varennes: the royal family tried to escape and flee to Austria to live with Marie’s family; unfortunately they were caught ecause common people knew Louis XVI’s face from the currency (money) in France; after this people saw Louis as a traitor * National Convention: the NEW government of France during the Reign of Terror (radical phase of the revolution) * Robespierre- radical Jacobin; dictator of the Radical Phase; led the Committee of Public Safety * Committee of Public Safety: a radical group that tried to eliminate anyone who was against the revolution; killed them using the guillotine * Danton- led/roused up the sans-culottes; Robespierre eventually executed him * Jean Paul Marat- bit ter, angry newspaper writer, who took his anger out on the revolution; killed by the girondist, Charlotte Corday * Universal manhood suffrage- every man can vote, class doesn’t matter * Reign of Terror- period of time (during the radical phase) were there was a lot of violence stirred up by conflicts between the Jacobins and the Girondists; over 25,000 people were killed * Republic of Virtue- Robespierre tried to create this as part of the de-Christianization in France * Guillotine- an enlightened, democratic, and humane way to kill people; it was equal for everyone and someone’s class didn’t change the way they were killed * Levee en Masse- a law that said that everyone should someone support the revolution; men could fight in battles, old men could sell things; and women could be nurses for the injured men * Directory- government of France after the Reign of Terror; very corrupt; their only success was creating a better army by increasing patriotism; people wh o were originally involved in the Reign of Terror were now being attacked in what is known as the â€Å"White Terror†; they revived Catholicism; ruled by rich bourgeoisie * Napoleon Bonaparte: short, but extraordinarily energetic man from the island of Corsica, who believed he was destined to do great. In order to succeed and get what he wanted, he would do anything (Machiavellian). He created a new government: consulate. He tricked people into voting for him by making it seem like it was a democracy when he was going to dictate the country anyway; declared himself Emperor and crowned himself as a symbol of true power; he made sure that there was no freedom of speech for citizens and he restored Catholic Church * Josephine de Beauharnais: Napoleon’s first wife * Coup de’ etat: French term for overthrowing something * Plebiscite: everyone votes for something and someone simply counts to see how many greed or disagreed (very democratic) * Napoleonic Code: legal co de that Napoleon created and brought everywhere; based on old Roman law and influenced modern day French law * Continental System: main goal was to hurt Great Britain economically, but it backfired on Napoleon * Duke of Wellington: the man who defeated Napoleon in his last battle (Battle of Waterloo) * Peninsular War: fought Portugal * Guerilla Warfare: hide and ambush * Russian campaign: on June 24th, 1812, Napoleon ignores the advice from his advisors and invades Russia; the weather randomly turned winter-like plus the unfamiliar size of Russia helped defeat Napoleon * Scorched-earth policy: Russians would burn everything in their path to create hardship for their enemies * Elba: an island that Napoleon was exiled to * Hundred Days: Napoleon came back to France after he was exiled, Louis XVIII was afraid so he fled, Napoleon was in control for 100 days * St.Helena: the second island Napoleon was exiled to; he died there * Klemens von Metternich: the Prince of Austria; also the Pre sident of the Congress * Congress of Vienna: a meeting in Austria; nobles who were in the Congress wanted everything to just go back to the way it was before the Revolution, which was reactionary * Balance of Power- a new diplomatic system that created an equal amount of power for different sections of government * Lord Castlereagh- British representative in the Congress of Vienna * Talleyrand- French representative in the Congress of Vienna * Principles of Peace Statement: * Legitimacy- if someone was legitimate or not, so they could rule * Compensation- something, typically money, awarded to someone as to make amends for loss, injury, or suffering * German Confederation- the Congress of Vienna voted to destroy the Holy Roman Empire and create the German Confederation, taking hundreds of miniscule states and creating 15 main states within the association